<i>In vitro</i> prediction of the lower/upper-critical biofluid flow choking index and <i>in vivo</i> demonstration of flow choking in the stenosis artery of the animal with air embolism

Diagnostic investigations of aneurysm, hemorrhagic stroke, and other asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases neurological disorders due to the flow choking (biofluid/boundary layer blockage persuaded choking) phenomenon in circulatory system humans animals on Earth human spaceflight are active research topics topical interest {Kumar et al., “boundary leads stroke earth spaceflight,” Paper presented at Basic Cardiovascular Sciences Conference, 23–25 August 2021 (American Stroke Association, 2021) [Circ. Res. 129, AP422 (2021)] “Lopsided blood-thinning drug increases risk internal shock wave generation causing stroke,” International 19–20 March [Stroke 52, AP804 (2021)]}. The theoretical concept [Kumar leading disease,” Global Challenges 5, 2000076 (2021); “Discovery nanoscale boundary system—Exact prediction 3D boundary-layer-blockage factor nanotubes,” Sci. Rep. 11, 15429 “The external moving aircraft ground effects,” Phys. Fluids 33(3), 036108 (CVS) gas embolism is established herein through analytical, vitro (Kumar “Nanoscale effects astronauts—A new perspective,” AIAA No. 2021-0357, 2021), silico “Boundary blockage, Venturi effect cavitation aerodynamic waves artery hemorrhage massive heart attack—A 2018-3962, 2018), vivo animal methodology [Jayaraman “Animal vivo: proof bulging downstream region stenosis air embolism,” Conference , 25–28 July 2022 Heart 2022)]. a compressible viscous effect, it arises critical pressure ratio continuum/non-continuum real-world yocto yotta scale systems beyond “Universal benchmark data three-dimensional average friction coefficient for code verification,” 34(4), 041301 (2022)]. closed-form analytical models, capable predicting CVS, developed from well-established theory reviewed herein. lower-critical flow-choking index healthy subject (human being/animal) predicted speciation analysis blood. upper-critical specific heat blood constant (C p ) volume v ), estimated using Differential Scanning Calorimeter. These indexes, highlighted terms systolic-to-diastolic (SBP/DBP), exclusively controlled by biofluid/blood capacity (BHCR = C /C ). An study shows that nitrogen (N 2 oxygen (O carbon dioxide (CO gases predominant fresh-blood samples Guinea pigs temperature range 37–40 °C (98.6–104 °F) embolism. In results demonstrated existence biofluid/boundary choking, stream tube generation, overshoot simulated arteries (with without stenosis), ratio, followed aneurysm (i.e., generation) small studies. We could corroborate herein, with studies, occurs ratio. Analytical models reveal relatively high low viscosities CVS (BPR), which memory (stroke history/arterial stiffness) (2021)]. concluded an overdose reducing viscosity enhances enhanced (BLB) because rise Reynolds number ( Re) turbulence. model establishes increase Re individual or joint fluid density, viscosity, velocity, hydraulic diameter vessel creates turbulence level instigating escalated BLB heading rapid adverse choking. Therefore, prescribing exact course therapy crucial achieving anticipated curative value further annulling CVS. conclude authoritatively BPR SBP/DBP 1.892 9), regulated air. be diminished concurrently flow-turbulence. This comprehensive review pointer toward relentless unchoked conditions Mach &lt; 1) prohibiting associated arterial stiffness. condition can achieved every (human/animal) suitably increasing thermal-tolerance-level BHCR and/or within pathophysiological subjects discovery, companion conventional thinners proper health care management healthy-life span one all universe.